Types of fungicides
1.1 According to the chemical structure
Organic fungicides: These fungicides contain organic compounds with carbon. Because of their structural diversity, organic fungicides can effectively control a variety of diseases.
Chlorothalonil: a broad-spectrum fungicide commonly used on vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants.
Thiophanate-methyl: used for prevention and treatment of diseases; applicable to fruit trees, vegetables, and so on.
Thiophanate-Methyl 70% WP Fungicide
Inorganic fungicides: Inorganic fungicides are mainly composed of inorganic compounds, such as copper and sulfur. These fungicides are widely used in agriculture and have a long residual period.
Bordeaux liquid: used to prevent and treat diseases in fruit trees, vegetables, etc.
Sulfur: traditional fungicide, used for grapes, vegetables, etc.
1.2 According to the source of raw materials of fungicides
Inorganic fungicides: Including copper and sulfur preparations, these fungicides are often used to control fungal and bacterial diseases.
Copper oxychloride: controls fungal and bacterial diseases.
Organic sulfur fungicides: These fungicides mainly kill pathogenic bacteria by releasing hydrogen sulfide and are commonly used to control powdery mildew and other fungal diseases.
Sulfur powder: controls powdery mildew, rust, and other diseases.
Organophosphorus fungicides: Organophosphorus compounds are commonly used in agriculture to control bacterial and fungal diseases and are broad-spectrum and highly efficient.
Mancozeb: broad-spectrum fungicide, controls a variety of fungal diseases.
Organic arsenic fungicides: Although effective, they are being phased out because of their high toxicity.
Arsenic acid: high toxicity, now eliminated.
Benzene derivatives fungicides: These structurally diverse fungicides are commonly used to control a variety of diseases, such as downy mildew and powdery mildew.
Carbendazim: broad-spectrum fungicide; controls diseases in fruit trees, vegetables, and other crops.
Azole fungicides: inhibit fungal cell membrane synthesis to kill pathogenic fungi; widely used in fruit and vegetable disease control.
Tebuconazole: highly effective, commonly used for fruit tree and vegetable disease control.
Systemic Fungicide Tebuconazole 25% EC
Copper fungicides: Copper preparations have strong bactericidal effects and are commonly used to control fungal and bacterial diseases.
Copper hydroxide: control of fruit trees, vegetables and other diseases.
Antibiotic fungicides: Antibiotics produced by microorganisms, such as streptomycin and tetracycline, mainly used to control bacterial diseases.
Streptomycin: control of bacterial diseases.
Compound fungicides: Combining different fungicides can improve fungicidal activity and reduce resistance in pathogenic fungi.
Zineb: a compound fungicide used to control a variety of fungal diseases.
Crop Protection Fungicides Zineb 80% WP
Other fungicides: Including some new and special fungicides, such as plant extracts and biological agents.
Tea tree essential oil: a natural plant-extract fungicide with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity.
1.3 According to the way of use
Protective agents: used to prevent disease.
Bordeaux mixture: made of copper sulfate and lime, it has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity and is mainly used to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases of fruit trees, vegetables, and other crops.
Sulfur suspension: the main ingredient is sulfur; it is widely used to prevent and control many fungal diseases, such as powdery mildew and rust.
Therapeutic agents: used to treat diseases that have already occurred.
Carbendazim: a broad-spectrum fungicide with preventive and therapeutic effects, commonly used to prevent and control fungal diseases in fruit trees, vegetables, and other crops.
Thiophanate-methyl: has systemic and therapeutic effects and is widely used to control diseases in fruit trees, vegetables, and flowers.
Eradicators: Used to eliminate pathogens completely.
Formaldehyde: Used for soil disinfection, with strong sterilization and pathogen eradication; commonly used in greenhouses and for greenhouse soil treatment.
Chloropicrin: a soil fumigant used to kill pathogenic bacteria, pests, and weed seeds in the soil; suitable for greenhouses and farmland.
Systemic agents: Absorbed through plant roots or leaves to achieve whole-plant control.
Tebuconazole: a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide that kills pathogenic fungi by inhibiting fungal cell membrane synthesis; widely used on fruit trees, vegetables, and food crops.
Preservative: used to prevent plant tissue decay.
Copper sulfate: has bactericidal and antiseptic effects, commonly used to prevent and control bacterial diseases of plants and to prevent plant tissue decay.
1.4 According to conduction characteristics
Systemic fungicide: can be absorbed by the plant and transported throughout the plant, providing better control.
Pyraclostrobin: a new type of broad-spectrum systemic fungicide with preventive and therapeutic effects, commonly used on fruit trees, vegetables, and other crops.
Pyraclostrobin Fungicide 25%SC
Non-sorbent fungicide: acts only at the application site; it will not move within the plant.
Mancozeb: a broad-spectrum protective fungicide mainly used to control fungal diseases; it does not move in the plant after application.
1.5 According to the specialization of action
Multi-site (non-specialized) fungicides: act on more than one physiological process of the pathogen.
Mancozeb: acts on multiple physiological processes of the pathogen, has a broad-spectrum bactericidal effect, and prevents a variety of fungal diseases.
Single-site (specialized) fungicides: only act on a specific physiological process of the pathogen.
Tebuconazole: acts on specific physiological processes of the pathogen and kills the pathogenic fungus by inhibiting fungal cell membrane synthesis.
1.6 According to the different ways of action
Protective fungicides: including contact bactericidal effect and residual bactericidal effect.
Mancozeb: broad-spectrum protective fungicide, used to prevent a variety of fungal diseases.
Sulfur suspension: broad-spectrum fungicide, used to prevent and control powdery mildew and rust.
Systemic fungicides: including apical- and basal-conduction fungicides.
Pyraclostrobin: new broad-spectrum systemic fungicide with preventive and therapeutic effects.
Propiconazole: a systemic fungicide commonly used to prevent and control diseases of cereals, fruit trees, and other crops.
Organic Fungicide Propiconazole 250g/L EC
1.7 According to the method of use
Soil treatment:
Formaldehyde: used for soil disinfection to kill pathogenic bacteria in the soil.
Stem and leaf treatment:
Carbendazim: used to spray plant stems and leaves to control various fungal diseases.
Seed treatment:
Thiophanate-methyl: used for seed treatment to prevent seed-borne diseases and transmission.
1.8 According to different chemical composition
Inorganic fungicides:
Bordeaux mixture: a mixture of copper sulfate and lime, a broad-spectrum fungicide.
Sulfur: widely used to control powdery mildew, rust, and so on.
Organic fungicides:
Carbendazim: broad-spectrum fungicide, controls a variety of fungal diseases.
Tebuconazole: broad-spectrum systemic fungicide that inhibits fungal cell membrane synthesis.
Biological fungicides:
Streptomycin: antibiotic produced by microorganisms, mainly used to control bacterial diseases.
Agricultural antibiotic fungicides:
Streptomycin: antibiotic, control of bacterial diseases.
Tetracycline: antibiotic used to control bacterial diseases.
Plant-derived fungicides:
Tea tree essential oil: natural plant extract with broad-spectrum antibacterial effect.
1.9 According to different types of chemical structure
Carbamate derivative fungicides:
Carbendazim: broad-spectrum fungicide to control a variety of fungal diseases.
Amide fungicides:
Metribuzin: commonly used for weed control, also has some fungicidal effect.
Six-membered heterocyclic fungicides:
Pyraclostrobin: a new broad-spectrum systemic fungicide with preventive and therapeutic effects.
Five-membered heterocyclic fungicides:
Tebuconazole: broad-spectrum systemic fungicide, inhibits fungal cell membrane synthesis.
Organophosphorus and methoxyacrylate fungicides:
Methomyl: commonly used to control insect pests, but also has some fungicidal activity.
Copper fungicides:
Bordeaux mixture: a mixture of copper sulfate and lime, broad-spectrum sterilization.
Inorganic sulfur fungicides:
Sulfur suspension: widely used in the control of powdery mildew, rust, etc..
Organic arsenic fungicides:
Arsenic acid: high toxicity, now eliminated.
Other fungicides:
Plant extracts and new compounds (such as tea tree essential oil): broad-spectrum antibacterial effect, environmental protection and safety.
Form of fungicide
2.1 Powder (DP)
It is the original pesticide and inert filler mixed in a certain proportion, crushed and sieved into a powder. Generally used for powder spraying in production.
2.2 Wettable powder (WP)
It is the original pesticide, filler, and a certain amount of additives, mixed in proportion and crushed to achieve a specific powder fineness. It can be used for spraying.
2.3 Emulsion (EC)
Also known as “emulsion”. It is the original pesticide mixed with a certain proportion of organic solvents and emulsifiers, dissolved in a transparent oily liquid. Can be used for spraying. Emulsion is easy to penetrate the insect epidermis, better than wettable powder.
2.4 Aqueous (AS)
Some pesticides are easily soluble in water and can be used with water without additives. Such as crystalline lithosulfuric acid, insecticide double, etc..
2.5 Granules (GR)
Made by adsorbing a certain amount of agent onto soil particles, cinder, brick slag, and sand. Usually the filler and pesticide are crushed together into a certain fineness of powder, add water and auxiliary agent to make granules. Can be spread by hand or mechanically.
2.6 Suspending agent (gel suspension) (SC)
Wet ultra-micro-grinding of pesticide powder dispersed in water or oil with surfactants results in viscous, flowable liquid formulations. The suspension agent is mixed with water in any proportion to dissolve, making it suitable for various spray methods. After spraying, it can save 20%~50% of the original pesticide because it resists rainwater.
2.7 Fumigant (FU)
The use of solid agents with sulfuric acid, water, and other substances to react and produce toxic gases, or low-boiling-point liquid agents that produce volatile toxic gases, in closed or other specific environments to kill pests and germs.
2.8 Aerosol (AE)
Aerosol is a liquid or solid pesticide oil solution; heat or mechanical force disperses the liquid into a persistent suspension of tiny droplets in the air, forming an aerosol.
Mechanism of fungicides
3.1 Influence on cell structure and function
Fungicides inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic fungi by affecting fungal cell wall formation and plasma membrane biosynthesis. Some fungicides leave pathogen cells unprotected by disrupting cell wall synthesis, ultimately leading to cell death.
3.2 Influence on cellular energy production
Fungicides can interfere with pathogen energy production through various pathways. For example, some fungicides inhibit glycolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation, so the germs cannot produce energy normally, ultimately leading to their death.
3.3 Affecting the synthesis of cellular metabolic substances and their functions
Some fungicides interfere with the synthesis of fungal nucleic acids and proteins. These metabolic processes are essential for pathogen growth and reproduction; therefore, inhibiting them can effectively control disease occurrence and spread.
3.4 Inducing plant self-regulation
Certain fungicides not only act directly on pathogenic bacteria, but also induce the plant’s own disease resistance. These fungicides can make plants produce “immune substances” specific to pathogens or participate in metabolism to produce pathogen-active substances, increasing the plant’s disease resistance.
Conclusion
Fungicides play an important role in modern agriculture by controlling and preventing plant diseases in various ways. Different types of fungicides have distinct chemical structures, modes of use, conductivities, and mechanisms of action, which makes them widely used in various agricultural applications. Rational selection and use of fungicides can improve crop yield and quality and support the sustainable development of agricultural production.
FAQ
FAQ 1: What is an organic fungicide?
Organic fungicides are fungicides made from organic compounds containing carbon, with diverse structures and a wide range of bactericidal effects.
FAQ 2: What are the main types of fungicides?
The main dosage forms of fungicides include powders, wettable powders, emulsifiable oils, aqueous solutions, granules, gels, fumigants, and aerosols.
FAQ 3: What is the difference between a systemic fungicide and a non-systemic fungicide?
Systemic fungicides can be absorbed by the plant and transported throughout the plant, providing better control; non-systemic fungicides work only at the application site and do not move within the plant.
FAQ 4: How do fungicides affect cellular metabolism?
Fungicides inhibit pathogen growth and reproduction by interfering with nucleic acid and protein synthesis, disrupting energy production, and damaging cell structures.
FAQ 5: What are the advantages of plant-derived fungicides?
Botanical fungicides are made from plant extracts and are generally low in toxicity, environmentally friendly and less likely to develop resistance.
Post time: Jul-01-2024
